ICAO is a United Nations specialized agency that works with 191 member states and global aviation organizations to develop international Standards and Recommended Practices which States reference when developing their legally-enforceable national civil aviation regulations.

Intergovernmental organization which acts as energy policy advisor to 28 member countries in their effort to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for their citizens. Founded during the oil crisis of 1973-74, the IEA’s initial role was to co-ordinate measures in times of oil supply emergencies. As energy markets have changed, so has the IEA. Its mandate has broadened to incorporate the “Three E’s” of balanced energy policy making: energy security, economic development and environmental protection. "

The sum of direct and indirect land use change. Most land use change analysis is done with computable general equilibrium (CGE) models or large scale agricultural sector models, and direct and indirect land use changes are not distinguishable in those models. The ILUC occurs as a result of a shock (often policy related) applied to the model, which “induces” market mediated responses.

Land Use Change that occurs as the result of a change in demand for a product that causes a change in agricultural production on land not being used for the production of that product. These changes are often driven by market mediated response or policies (e.g., RED or RFS).

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a body established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic consequences.

Both Jet A and Jet A1 are kerosene based fuels used to power turbine-based engines typically found on high-speed commercial aircraft. It is defined by ASTM D1655 specification. Jet A is normally only available in the U.S.A, while Jet A1 is widely used elsewhere. The two fuels differ by requiring different levels of freeze point maximum (-40°C for Jet A, and -47°C for Jet A-1).

A generic term that refers to a mixture of hydrocarbons in the C8 to C16 range, consisting of paraffins, cyclo-paraffins, and aromatics. It is a middle distillate fuel with properties that make it conducive to use in turbine (jet) powered aircraft (e.g. high energy density, low freezing point, and high flash point).

A unit of work or energy symbolized by the letter J

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions .

Life cycle analyses (LCA) is a methodology that evaluates the entire spectrum of impact of a product over its whole life cycle. In the case of biofuels, LCA generally refers to a calculation of CO2 or GHG emissions from initiation of feedstock production to combustion of the fuel in a vehicle.

Limited Liability Company (LLC) -- a business structure allowed by state statute. LLCs are popular because, similar to a corporation, owners have limited personal liability for the debts and actions of the LLC. Other features of LLCs are more like a partnership, providing management flexibility and the benefit of pass-through taxation. Owners of an LLC are called members. Since most states do not restrict ownership, members may include individuals, corporations, other LLCs and foreign entities. There is no maximum number of members. Most states also permit “single member” LLCs, those having only one owner. A few types of businesses generally cannot be LLCs, such as banks and insurance companies. Check your state’s requirements and the federal tax regulations for further information. There are special rules for foreign LLCs.

All aircraft activities that take place at altitudes under 914 meters (3.000 feet), including taxi-in and -out, take-off, climb-out and approach-landing.

A change in the use or management of land by humans. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) distinguishes six broad land use categories: forestland, cropland, grassland, wetlands, settlements, and other land (e.g. bare soil, rock and ice), where the conversion from one land use category to another is called LUC.

One million joules symbolized by MJ

A document describing a bilateral or multilateral agreement between parties. It expresses a convergence of will between the parties, indicating an intended common line of action. It is often used in cases where parties either do not imply a legal commitment or in situations where the parties cannot create a legally enforceable agreement. It is a more formal alternative to a gentlemen's agreement. In some cases, depending on the exact wording, MoUs can have the binding power of a contract; as a matter of law, contracts do not need to be labeled as such to be legally binding. Whether or not a document constitutes a binding contract depends only on the presence or absence of well-defined legal elements in the text proper of the document (the so-called "four corners"). For example, a binding contract typically must contain mutual consideration—a legally enforceable obligations of the parties, and its formation must take place free of the so-called real defenses to contract formation (fraud, duress, lack of age or mental capacity, etc.).

A unit typically used for the measurement of the mass of CO2 emitted by a process or entity. The unit is typically expressed in metric tonnes.

1,000 Kilograms or 2,205 Pounds

Chemical emitted from natural biosphere activity, certain agricultural (natural and human influenced) and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels (primarily in internal combustion engines, and not turbine engines). N2O is a potent green house gas and Stratospheric Ozone depletion agent. It is used as an oxidizer in rocket motors, and as an anesthetic and analgesic. See also NOx.

The National Aeronautics Space Administration's (NASA) mission is to pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research.

The National Air Transportation Association (NATA) is the leading organization representing aviation service businesses such as fixed base operators, charter providers, aircraft management companies including those supporting fractional shareholders, maintenance and repair organizations, flight training and airline service companies. Founded in 1940, NATA aggressively promotes safety and the success of aviation service businesses through its advocacy efforts before government, the media and the public as well as by providing valuable programs and forums to further its members’ prosperity.

Technical moniker associated with Renewable Diesel which is produced through hydrotreating, similar to HEFA-SPK. This nomenclature differentiates this type of diesel from the product commonly described as biodiesel (produced via esterification, FAME).

Nitrogen oxides produced by the reaction of naturally occurring nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air during combustion. NOx gases react to form smog, acid rain, and ozone. The production of NOx from gas turbine engines for aviation is regulated.